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For decades, people planning for retirement have been told they need to replace about 80% of their pre-retirement income. That number suggests the annual amount required to maintain your current lifestyle, based largely on the idea that some expenses will decrease in retirement.
While it’s a useful rule of thumb, the 80% rule is flawed in that it assumes spending remains constant for 25 or 30 years. In reality, spending in retirement evolves.
Most households move through distinct retirement phases: Higher spending in the early, active years, followed by a gradual tapering as life naturally slows. One practical way to reflect that pattern is the 80-70-60 framework for planned spending.
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Breaking down the retirement phases
The 80-70-60 approach allows for realistic budgeting, countering the myth that spending remains flat in retirement and helping retirees avoid depriving themselves in their most active years. This framework accounts for the natural, gradual decline in discretionary spending as retirees age and become less active.
It also provides sufficient income replacement while accounting for reduced taxes and the eliminated need to save for retirement. The descending percentages of income needed through different stages of retirement can help with the longevity of the portfolio.
Adopting a flexible approach that reduces withdrawals over time can potentially extend the lifespan of your retirement portfolio compared to a fixed withdrawal strategy.
Let’s apply the 80-70-60 framework to a household earning $150,000 a year before retirement.
- The go-go years: Around 80%. In the early, most active years of retirement, people often spend more because they are healthier and eager to fulfill long-held dreams such as traveling, more family experiences, pursuing hobbies or renovating their homes. At 80% of $150,000, annual spending would equal roughly $120,000.
- The slow-go years: Around 70%. As retirees move into their late 70s and early 80s, spending frequently tapers. Travel may shift closer to home, while large purchases become less frequent. Many households have fully paid-off mortgages by this stage. At 70% of $150,000, spending would be about $105,000 a year.
- The no-go years: Around 60%. In later retirement, daily life often centers on home, family and health care. Discretionary categories, such as travel and remodeling, shrink. Medical expenses and long-term care costs can create an uptick later in life, but for most retirees, total spending remains below early retirement levels. At 60% of $150,000, annual spending would be about $90,000.
An important note: The 80-70-60 rule should be adapted for personal health and lifestyle. For example, if you anticipate high travel costs later in retirement or have significant debt, you may need to adjust these percentages.
How Social Security changes the equation
Let’s look at how Social Security benefits will affect your savings withdrawal strategy. Assume a married couple receives $55,000 a year in combined Social Security benefits.
- Early retirement ($120,000 spending): Portfolio covers $65,000
- Mid retirement ($105,000 spending): Portfolio covers $50,000
- Late retirement ($90,000 spending): Portfolio covers $35,000
Notice how the portfolio’s burden declines over time as spending decreases. Using a conservative withdrawal approach and planning for roughly 25 years of retirement, a portfolio in the range of $1.6 million to $2 million may reasonably support this phased strategy, with added cushion for market volatility and the potential loss of one Social Security check.
For a single retiree receiving $32,000 annually in Social Security, reliance on the portfolio is greater. In that case, a more prudent portfolio target may fall closer to $2 million to $2.4 million, depending on longevity and risk tolerance.
Why this framework matters
The goal of the 80-70-60 framework isn’t to encourage saving less; it’s to replace an overly rigid rule with a more realistic understanding of how retirees actually spend. This approach provides a straightforward roadmap for estimating future needs without requiring complex spreadsheets or deep financial research.
Remember, retirement spending rarely stays flat for three decades. Planning in phases, rather than relying on a single static percentage, can help retirees build income strategies that better match real life and approach retirement with greater clarity.
Dan Dunkin contributed to this article.
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