While no retirement strategy is foolproof, a variety of studies suggest that a diversified portfolio paired with a 4% starting withdrawal rate (adjusted annually for inflation) has historically had a high probability of making your savings last.
Retirees often struggle with how to generate that income. Economically speaking, selling shares to realize capital gains and receiving dividends from stocks you own are very similar. After all, a company’s share price generally falls by the amount of the dividend on the ex-dividend date.
Yet many retirees prefer dividends because of a behavioral finance phenomenon known as mental accounting. Selling shares feels like spending principal, whereas dividends feel like income, even if the economic outcome is largely the same.
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That preference helps explain the popularity of dividend-focused exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Some prioritize higher current yields, while others focus on companies with long histories of growing payouts.
Rather than viewing these ETFs as competing strategies, investors can combine them in a dividend barbell portfolio. One side provides higher current income, while the other focuses on total return.
Before doing so, however, there are several important factors to consider, including ETF methodology, tax efficiency and asset location. Here is what you need to know about using ETFs to build a dividend barbell strategy in retirement.
A retiree’s guide to high-dividend-yield ETFs
A high-dividend-yield ETF is exactly what it sounds like: a fund designed to deliver a payout that exceeds that of a broad market benchmark. For example, a U.S. high-yield ETF would ideally generate a yield above that of the S&P 500 Index, which currently yields roughly 1%.
These ETFs can be actively or passively managed. Active ETFs rely on the discretion of a portfolio manager and supporting analysts to identify dividend-paying companies they believe offer attractive income potential. Passive ETFs, by contrast, simply replicate a high-dividend-yield index according to a predetermined methodology.
Both approaches have advantages, but passive ETFs tend to be considerably cheaper. Maintaining an index is generally less expensive than employing an entire investment team to research, monitor and select securities.
Investors should also understand what drives a high dividend yield in the first place. In many cases, high-yielding companies are mature businesses where growth opportunities have slowed.
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Management may conclude that returning cash to shareholders through dividends makes more sense than reinvesting aggressively in research and development, acquisitions or expansion projects.
That sector composition creates another important characteristic: a natural tilt toward value stocks. Remember that dividend yield is calculated by dividing the annual dividend per share by the share price. The dividend is the numerator, while the share price is the denominator. If a company’s stock price declines but its dividend remains unchanged, its dividend yield rises automatically.
Because of this relationship, many stocks with elevated dividend yields also trade at lower valuations relative to earnings, sales, cash flow or book value. That overlap is why many high-dividend-yield ETFs are often classified as value-oriented strategies.
This can be beneficial during periods when value stocks outperform the broader market. However, it can also result in underperformance when growth stocks lead returns, particularly during bull markets.
What retirees need to know about dividend growth ETFs
There are generally two ways to identify dividend growth companies. The first is to examine the actual rate of dividend growth. In other words, how quickly is a company’s dividend increasing year over year? Ideally, investors want to see dividend growth comfortably exceeding the Federal Reserve’s long-run inflation target of 2%, allowing their income stream to grow in real purchasing power terms.
In practice, however, this approach is less common. The methodology most investors encounter focuses on companies with long, uninterrupted streaks of dividend increases.
For example, 25 years of consecutive dividend growth can earn a company inclusion in benchmarks such as the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats Index. The most elite group is the S&P Dividend Monarchs, which are companies that have increased their payouts for 50 or more consecutive years.
To increase dividends through multiple economic cycles requires a business capable of generating consistent earnings and free cash flow.
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Consider what a company must survive to maintain a 25- or 50-year streak. That period includes the dot-com bubble, the global financial crisis of 2008, the COVID-19 pandemic, and numerous recessions, inflationary shocks and stock market corrections. Despite those challenges, these businesses continued increasing the amount of cash returned to shareholders.
That commitment often signals several desirable characteristics. Companies with long records of dividend growth tend to have durable business models, healthy balance sheets, robust free cash flow generation, and disciplined capital allocation policies. Management teams are generally reluctant to jeopardize a long-standing dividend growth streak.
So much like how high-dividend-yield ETFs often provide indirect exposure to the value factor, dividend growth ETFs frequently provide exposure to the quality factor.
Quality companies are typically characterized by strong profit margins, consistent free cash flow generation, and high returns on equity and invested capital. While investors can target these traits directly through dedicated quality ETFs, dividend growth strategies often capture many of the same characteristics through their screening process.
The trade-off is yield. All else being equal, dividend growth ETFs generally offer lower 30-day SEC yields than high-dividend-yield ETFs. However, they have historically compensated investors through stronger earnings growth, faster dividend growth and, in many cases, superior total returns.
Over the past decade, some dividend growth ETFs have managed to keep pace with, or even outperform, broad-market benchmarks despite their dividend-focused mandates.
That makes them particularly useful within a dividend barbell strategy. If the high-yield side of the barbell is responsible for generating the current income needed to support retirement withdrawals, the dividend growth side is responsible for growing the portfolio’s long-term earning power.
While the initial yield may be lower, the underlying companies continue to compound earnings, free cash flow and dividends in the background, helping support future income growth and potentially extending the longevity of the retirement portfolio.
How to build a dividend barbell strategy in retirement
When evaluating income potential, investors should pay attention to a fund’s 30-day SEC yield. This is a standardized yield metric used throughout the ETF industry. While useful for comparing funds, it remains only an estimate and can change over time as portfolio holdings and market conditions evolve.
And asset location matters. Every dividend payment received in a taxable account creates a taxable event. For that reason, many financial advisers recommend holding dividend-focused ETFs inside tax-advantaged accounts such as a Roth IRA whenever possible.
If a taxable brokerage account is your only option, pay close attention to the composition of the ETF’s distributions. Generally speaking, qualified dividends receive more favorable tax treatment than ordinary income. By contrast, income derived from bonds, real estate investment trusts (REITs), or certain foreign holdings may be taxed less favorably depending on the fund’s structure.
With that in mind, here are two high-yield ETFs and two dividend growth ETFs to consider when building a dividend barbell strategy in retirement.
Vanguard High Dividend Yield ETF
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- Assets under management: $96.2 billion
- 30-day SEC yield: 2.3%
- Expenses: 0.04%, or $4 annually on every $10,000 invested
The Vanguard High Dividend Yield ETF (VYM) is one of the most affordable high-dividend-yield ETFs on the market. This is largely made possible by Vanguard’s unique ownership structure.
Unlike most asset managers, Vanguard is owned by its funds, which are in turn owned by their shareholders. There are no outside shareholders demanding profit maximization, allowing Vanguard to pass economies of scale back to investors through lower fees.
As assets grow, the firm has historically reduced costs rather than simply pocketing the additional revenue. The result is an expense ratio of just 0.04%. Put another way, a $10,000 investment incurs only about $4 per year in fee drag, all else being equal.
VYM passively tracks the FTSE High Dividend Yield Index, a benchmark that currently consists of more than 600 companies. The index begins by excluding REITs. While this removes many high-yielding real estate securities from consideration, it also improves tax efficiency because REIT distributions are generally taxed as ordinary income rather than qualified dividends.
From there, the benchmark removes companies that have not paid a regular dividend over the previous year or are not forecasted to pay one going forward. The remaining stocks are ranked by forward dividend yield and weighted by market capitalization. That final step naturally tilts the portfolio toward larger, more established companies.
Not surprisingly, the resulting portfolio exhibits a noticeable value bias. VYM currently trades at a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of roughly 21.6, below the broader S&P 500’s P/E ratio of 32.1. Morningstar also classifies the fund within the large-cap value category through its equity style box framework.
That value tilt does not come at the expense of quality, however. The underlying companies remain highly profitable and continue to grow moderately. The portfolio currently boasts an average return on equity of 19.4% alongside average earnings growth of 9.0%.
Income is naturally the main attraction. As of June 30, 2026, VYM offered a 30-day SEC yield of 2.3%, more than double the yield currently available from the S&P 500.
The fund is also relatively tax efficient for a high-yield strategy. Thanks largely to the exclusion of REITs, the majority of distributions have historically been classified as qualified dividends, though investors should always verify the final tax treatment using their year-end Form 1099-DIV.
Learn more about VYM at the Vanguard provider site.
iShares Core High Dividend ETF
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- Assets under management: $14.2 billion
- 30-day SEC yield: 31%
- Expenses: 0.08%
It is useful to keep more than one high-yield ETF on your watch list, particularly if you invest in a taxable account. One reason is tax-loss harvesting.
If a position declines in value, an investor may be able to realize a capital loss by selling one ETF and immediately purchasing a similar, but not substantially identical, alternative. This avoids triggering the wash sale rule. Because VYM and the iShares Core High Dividend ETF (HDV) follow different benchmarks and methodologies, they can potentially serve this purpose.
HDV charges a slightly higher 0.08% expense ratio. That is twice the cost of VYM, but still extremely affordable compared to many competing dividend ETFs. The fund tracks the Morningstar Dividend Yield Focus Index, a much more concentrated benchmark consisting of approximately 75 holdings.
Unlike VYM, which largely relies on dividend yield and market capitalization, HDV employs a more selective screening process. Morningstar evaluates companies using several proprietary measures, including its “Economic Moat Rating,” which identifies firms with sustainable competitive advantages.
That assessment is combined with an “Uncertainty Rating,” which evaluates the dispersion of valuation estimates, and a “Distance to Default” score that incorporates factors such as leverage and volatility. While systematic, these inputs do introduce an element of analyst judgment into the methodology.
Like VYM, REITs are excluded from the portfolio for tax-efficiency reasons. However, once the screening process is complete, stocks are weighted based on the cash dividends they pay rather than strictly by market cap.
As of June 30, 2026, HDV offered a 30-day SEC yield of 3.1%, substantially higher than VYM. Over the past 10 years, HDV generated an annualized total return of 9.1%. The ETF also delivers a palpable value tilt with an average price-to-earnings ratio of 22.2 times.
Learn more about HDV at the iShares provider site.
Vanguard Dividend Appreciation ETF
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- Assets under management: $129.5 billion
- 30-day SEC yield: 1.5%
- Expenses: 0.04%
The Vanguard Dividend Appreciation ETF (VIG) is essentially the polar opposite of VYM. While it charges the same ultra-low 0.04% expense ratio, its benchmark construction is different. VIG tracks the S&P U.S. Dividend Growers Index, which starts by requiring companies to have at least 10 consecutive years of dividend growth.
While not as stringent as the 25-year requirement used by the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats Index, VIG’s lower threshold creates a more diversified portfolio because more companies are capable of qualifying. Notably, it allows inclusion of many technology companies that only began aggressively increasing dividends over the past decade as their businesses matured and cash flows expanded.
That’s not where VIG’s screening process ends, however. The index also deliberately excludes the top 25% of companies with the highest dividend yields. While this may seem counterintuitive for a dividend ETF, the goal is to avoid yield traps. These are companies whose share prices and fundamentals have deteriorated so severely that their dividend yields appear artificially elevated
From there, the remaining companies are weighted by market capitalization, but with an important 4% cap on any single holding. This differs from benchmarks such as the S&P 500 or Nasdaq-100, where the largest companies can grow into very large positions over time and increase concentration risk.
Today, VIG holds roughly 330 stocks. Compared to VYM, investors receive stronger growth characteristics. The portfolio currently exhibits an average earnings growth rate of 11.4% alongside an impressive 29.4% return on equity. The trade-off is valuation. Because VIG leans more heavily toward quality than value, the portfolio trades at a richer 26.6 times earnings.
That quality tilt has rewarded investors over the long term. Over the trailing 10 years, VIG has delivered a 13.1% annualized total return, outperforming VYM. Income is still present, just not the primary objective. As of June 30, 2026, VIG offered a 1.5% 30-day SEC yield, which is also tax efficient given the ETF excludes REITs.
Investors should remember that the dividend growth side of the barbell is designed primarily for long-term capital appreciation and future income growth rather than maximizing current cash flow. In that regard, VIG has largely delivered.
Learn more about VIG at the Vanguard provider site.
iShares Core Dividend Growth ETF
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- Assets under management: $42.2 billion
- 30-day SEC yield: 2.0%
- Expenses: 0.08%
Tax-loss harvesting is not limited to high-yield dividend ETFs. Dividend growth ETFs are still 100% equity portfolios and remain exposed to market risk. During corrections or bear markets, having a similar but not substantially identical alternative can help investors harvest losses while maintaining exposure.
The iShares Core Dividend Growth ETF (DGRO) charges a modest 0.08% expense ratio and tracks the Morningstar U.S. Dividend Growth Index. While it shares many similarities with VIG, the methodology differs in several important ways.
First, DGRO requires only five consecutive years of dividend growth. While this may seem less stringent, in practice the difference is smaller than investors expect. The lower threshold allows more companies into the portfolio while still maintaining a commitment to dividend growth.
The benchmark also screens for positive consensus earnings forecasts. This means analysts covering the company must generally expect profits to remain positive going forward. This helps avoid firms whose dividend growth streak may be at risk because of deteriorating earnings.
More importantly, DGRO incorporates a quality screen by excluding companies with payout ratios above 75%. The payout ratio measures the percentage of earnings distributed to shareholders as dividends. By limiting payout ratios, DGRO seeks to avoid companies that may be forced to cut their dividends.
Like VIG, DGRO also includes a yield-trap screen. However, rather than excluding the highest-yielding 25% of stocks, DGRO only removes the top 10% of its universe. The fund also imposes a 3% cap on individual holdings, slightly stricter than VIG’s 4% limit.
The weighting methodology is another key difference. Unlike VIG’s market-cap-weighting approach, DGRO weights holdings based on the total dollar value of dividends paid. Importantly, this is not the same thing as dividend yield.
A company trading with a high share price but with a relatively modest yield may still distribute billions of dollars in aggregate dividends, and therefore, receive a meaningful weight. This approach helps reduce some of the biases associated with traditional yield-focused strategies.
Today, the ETF holds roughly 390 stocks. Its valuation profile sits between VIG and VYM, trading at approximately 24.4 times earnings. Investors currently receive a 2% 30-day SEC yield, offering a bit more income than VIG while still maintaining a strong focus on dividend growth.
Over the trailing 10 years, DGRO has delivered a 13.4% annualized total return, demonstrating that dividend growth strategies can remain fairly competitive with broader equity benchmarks while continuing to grow their income streams over time.
Learn more about DGRO at the iShares provider site.
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