Trump’s Tariffs and Tax Cuts: Who Benefits the Most?

President Donald Trump’s first year in office ushered in significant change, from tariffs to massive tax legislation.

But not everyone benefits equally from these policies, according to a new brief from the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP), a think tank.

In brief, the researchers analyzed the effects of policies backed by Trump and Republican Congressional members—such as tariffs, the expiration of Affordable Care Act subsidies, and the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA)—on Americans of all incomes.

The analysis found that the richest 1% of Americans, or those with incomes of more than $916,900, will receive the largest tax cuts in 2026, an average of $8,850. By contrast, those with an income of between $92,100 and $153,600 will pay an additional $980.

Tariffs are also impacting Americans’ wallets. Martha Gimbel, cofounder and executive director of the Yale Budget Lab, notes that tariffs tend to have a disproportionate impact on low and middle-income consumers because they tend to spend a greater share of their income on goods.

(While the Supreme Court struck down many of Trump’s tariffs last Friday, his administration has reimposed many of those tariffs under a different law.)

Those with higher income, Gimbel said, “spend more money on services, dog walkers, tutors, things like that. And so mechanically, something that increases the price of goods is just going to hit lower-income consumers harder than higher-income consumers.”

A Yale Budget Lab analysis found the new tariffs, set at 15% and in effect for 150 days unless they’re extended by Congress, would cost households between $600 and $800.

However, Gimbel acknowledged that the uncertainty about the future of Trump’s tariffs makes determining their economic cost less than an exact science.

“It is unclear whether the 150-day tariffs will survive legal scrutiny,” said Gimbel. “Uncertainty has an economic cost. We will simply have to see how large that cost is.”

As for how Trump’s other major policy, the OBBBA, impacts Americans, low- and middle-income households might benefit from provisions such as the Senior Tax Deduction and No Tax on Tips. But these policies are temporary, and other parts of the bill, such as those that impose cuts on Medicaid, could cost more than these short-term gains over time.

“There’s not just tax provisions in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act,” Gimbel said. “There are also spending provisions. Low-income consumers may also be losing their Medicaid. They may be losing their SNAP benefits. When you combine the effects of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act and tariffs, everyone is worse off until you hit the top” 10% of income.

According to ITEP, the bottom 20% of earners, who make less than $30,700, face a 3.1% increase in their overall taxes as a share of income. The math doesn’t flip in Americans’ favor until household income crosses about $361,000, and only the top 1% see a meaningful net tax cut.

A separate analysis by the Congressional Budget Office found that OBBBA would make the poorest 20% of Americans worse off every year through 2034.